![]() Unit formulas that mean the same thing can be written in various equivalent ways. You do not specify numeric conversion constants in the unit formulas however, you can define conversion constants with units separately and use them in unit-checked computations. Parentheses are not used in unit formulas. For example, the units for a rate would be written as 1/s, where s indicates seconds. You can use 1 in unit expressions, either alone to indicate a dimensionless quantity, or together with other units, such as in the numerator. Units separated by spaces after a / are interpreted as being part of the denominator, but any units following a * are interpreted as being part of the numerator. Multiple units in the denominator should be surrounded by parentheses. For a reciprocal unit, you can either use a negative integer power or a / that indicates a separation between the numerator and denominator of a unit formula. In formulas that involve units, integral powers are supported (positive and negative), spaces between units indicate a product of the two units, * also indicates a product of units, and / indicates a quotient of units. In the previous syntax, measure is a formula that involves units. The following line defines the measure ml (milliliter) as a cubic centimeter ( cm^3). For example, the following line defines the measure cm (centimeter). The optional part is used to define a new measure in terms of previously defined units. The previous syntax defines unit-name as a unit of measure. In conclusion, BIS monitors could provide a useful measure of sleep depth in especially particular situations such as intensive care units, and they could be used as an alternative for sleep monitoring in order to reduce PSG-derived costs and to increase capacity in ambulatory care.Īpproximate entropy BIS monitor Polysomnogram Sleep depth Slow wave activity.These examples demonstrates correctness in arithmetic computations involving units of measure, the feature can also be leveraged for adding type safe annotation with zero representation costs to other types, with approach such as FSharp.UMX project. BIS values during REM overlapped those of other sleep stages, although EMG activity provided by the BIS monitor could help to identify REM sleep if needed. BIS scores were able to discriminate properly between deep (N3) and light (N1, N2) sleep. Mean and median BIS values were lower in the post-deprivation night than in the baseline night, showing statistical differences for the slow wave sleep (baseline: 42.41 ± 9.14 vs. Results confirmed that the BIS index was highly correlated with the hypnogram (0.89 ± 0.02), showing a progressive decrease as sleep deepened, and an increase during REM sleep (awake: 91.77 ± 8.42 stage N1: 83.95 ± 11.05 stage N2: 71.71 ± 11.99 stage N3: 42.41 ± 9.14 REM: 80.11 ± 8.73). The aim of this study was to evaluate objectively both the feasibility and reliability of BIS for sleep monitoring through a robust methodology, which included full PSG recordings at a baseline situation and after 40 h of sleep deprivation. Due to similarities in EEG synchronization between anesthesia and sleep, several studies have assessed BIS as a sleep monitor with contradictory results. Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring is commonly used in clinical practice for guiding anesthetic administration and provides an index based on relationships between EEG components. ![]() Polysomnography (PSG) is considered the gold standard test to monitor sleep objectively, but some practical and technical constraints exist due to environmental and patient considerations. The assessment and management of sleep are increasingly recommended in the clinical practice. 10 Anesthesiology Service, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain.9 Barcelona College of Industrial Engineering (EUETIB), UPC, Barcelona, Spain.8 CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.7 Department of Automatic Control, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. 6 CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain. 5 Department of Automatic Control, Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.4 CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.3 Sleep Unit, Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.2 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.1 Drug Research Center, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. ![]()
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